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Permalink Reply by Parvez Ahmad on October 25, 2010 at 8:29

Dear Vipin, same problem here, that you have written yourself answer of your question. if you want to in details of Bibliometrics you can go through below text.
1. Introduction
Bibliometrics has emerged as thrust area of research incorporating different branches of human knowledge. Bibliometrics is a fast developing area in Information Science, which is defined as a discipline that investigates the properties and behavior of information.
Etymologically the term Bibliometrics is composed of two distinct parts i.e., ‘biblio’ and ‘metrics’. The word ‘biblio’ is derived from the combination of the Latin and Greek word ‘biblion’, meaning book, paper, on the other hand the word ‘metrics’ indicates the science of meter i.e., measurement and is also derived either from the Latin or Greek word ‘metrics or ‘metrikons’ each meaning measurement. So, Bibliometrics connotes the science of measurement pertaining to books or documents.
In short, information science is an extension of library science and expansion of reference service.
In general Bibliometrics is that branch of science, which studies the behaviour of information.
Traditionally Bibliometrics is associated with the quantitative measurement of documentary materials.

According to A. Pritchard
“Application of mathematical methods to books and other media of communication.”
According to W.S. Potter
“The study and measurement of the publication pattern of all forms of written communication and their authorship.”
.
The first study regarding bibliometrics was conducted in 1917 by ‘Cole and ‘Eale’. They wrote “the history of comparative Anatomy; part-I: A Statistical Analysis” so the term for the first time used as ‘Statistical Analysis’.
Hulme in 1923 used the term ‘Statistical Bibliography According to him” the purpose of statistical bibliography is to shed light on the process of written communication and of the nature and course of development of a discipline by means of counting and analyzing is various facets of written communication.

1.1 Bibliometrics Scope and Purpose
The scope of bibliometric includes the study of relationship within a literature and describing a literature. Bibliometrics studies are generally based on quantitative measurements without any qualitative evaluation. They are, therefore considered only as partial indicators of scientific progress.
1. The scope of bibliometrics includes studying the relationship with a literature (citation studies) or describing a literature typically, these descriptions focus on consistent patterns, involving authors, monographs, journals or subject/language.
2. It is a quantitative science and it is divided into two basic categories.
i. Description bibliometrics (productivity count)
a) Geographic
b) Time period; and
c) Disciplines
ii. Evaluative bibliometrics (literature usage count)
a) Reference count; and
b) Citation count
The descriptive Bibliometrics further includes the study of the number of publications in a given field or productivity of literature in the field for the purpose of comparing the amount of production during different periods or the amount product in different subdivisions of the field. This kind of study is made by a count of the papers, books and other writings in the field or often by a count of these writings which have been abstracted in specialized abstracting journals.
Evaluative Bibliometrics includes the study of literature used by research worker in a given field. Such a study is often made by counting the references cited by a large number of research workers in their papers.


1.2 Bibliometrics Laws
As Bibliometric law evolved, a series of laws have developed within an academic discipline. These laws help researchers to study some common activity, examples of activities could be the use of library materials, author productivity or the dispersal of articles on a particular subject. Some of the more well known laws are Bradford’s Lotka’s and Zipf’s law.

These are the fundamental laws which are as follows:
1.2.1 Bradford’s Law (1948)
Samuel C. Bradford first formulated his law in 1932 but it did not receive wide attention until the publication of his book ‘Documentation’ in 1948. He, while searching for papers in Applied Geophysics and on Lubrication, noticed the scattering of papers among the scientific journals sharing a common pattern. 1:n:n2
(where n = multiplier)
Bradford also plotted graph of the cumulative number of source items R(n) versus the logarithm values of the cumulative number of journals (log n).
1.2.2 Zipf’s Law (1933)
It relates to the frequency of word occurrence. Zifps derived his law from the empirical law of least effort. He said that there is relationship between the rank of the word and its frequency of textual matter, if the words are arranged in their decreasing order of frequency of occurrence in a long text.This law states that, “in a long textual matter if the words are arranged in their decreasing order of frequency then the rank of any given word of the text will be inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the words”.
IF ‘r’ is the rank of a word and ‘f’ is its frequency, then mathematically Zipf’s law can be stated as follows:R (1/f)  rf = c, is a constant
He found that by multiplying the numerical value of each rank (r) by its corresponding frequency (f) be obtained a product (c) that is constant throughout its text e.g.
Table 1.1
Ranking of Word Occurrence
Rank (r) Frequency (f) Product (c)
1 400 400
2 200 400
3 133 399
4 100 400
5 80 400

The above table shows distribution of words inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the word.
7.3 Lotka’s Law (1926)
Alfred J. Lotka’s was a mathematic a supervisor of mathematical research in the statistical Bureau of the Metropolitan life Insurance company from 1924 to 1933. It was during this time, 1926, that his definitive work, later called Lotka’s law, was produced. His investigation was a productivity analysis counting names and the number of publications listed for each. The coverage was for only A and B names in chemical Abstracts for 1907 to 1916 and for Averbach’s Geschichtajelh der Physik from its beginning through 1900. The data were tabulated and potted, from which Lotka developed a ‘General Formula for the relation between the frequency y and persons making x contributions”
as x2y =constant.
In 1926, Alferd J. Lotka, statician in an insurance company proposed his ‘Inverse Square Law’ correlating contributors of scientific papers to their number of contributions. He claims that, “a large number of the literature is produced by a small number of authors and it is distributed so as the number of authors productivity n paper is approximately proportional to 1/n2
Author = (1/n2)
(Where n is the number of contributions on articles)
For this, he analyzed the decennial index of chemical abstract from 1907-1916. He collected 1891 names of the authors contributing 1,2,3 etc. entries in literature.
On the basis of this data, Lotka deduced a general equation, for the relation between the frequency ‘y’ of persons making ‘x’ contributions as follows:
x2y = constant
If n=2 then, the result as follows.
In the case examined it found that number of persons making 2 contributions is about one fourth of those making one contribution, the number making n, contributions is about 1/n2 of those making one, and the proportion of all contributions, is about 60%.
In order words, for every 100 authors contributing one article, 25 will contribute two articles, about 11 will contribute 3 articles and 6 will contribute 4 articles and so on. The observed figure for single article authors were 57.09% for Chemical Abstract data (6891 contribution) and 59.2% for Physical data 1,325 contributions). Though, the law was based on the study of Chemistry and Physics literature, later it generated much interest and attracted the attention of researchers and it has been applied and tested in many other fields.
Table 1.2
Ranking of Authors
No. of Authors No. of Articles
100 1
25 2
11 3
6 4
4 5


Thus, the technique seems very promising in the realm of practical knowledge. In recent years, Bibliometric techniques present themselves as key to objective evaluation.


this text is from one of my article.


parvez

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Permalink Reply by Prachi Sachin Deshpande on October 25, 2010 at 20:10

Sir, Thank you for this article . Very precise information for preparation of Net Exam.
regards,
Mrs. Parchi Deshpande
Librarian,
Grant Medical Foundation,
Ruby Hall Clinic

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Permalink Reply by Vipin Kumar on October 26, 2010 at 2:16

Thank you Mr. Parvez Ahmad sir
yes sir i want to in detail of bibliometric.

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Permalink Reply by Dr. Akhtar Hussain on October 25, 2010 at 20:45

Bibliometrics is a research method used in library and information science. It is a quantitative study of various aspects of literature on a topic and is used to identify the pattern of publication, authorship, and secondary journal coverage to gain insight into the dynamics of growth of knowledge in the areas under consideration. This can lead to better organization of information resources, which is essential for effective and efficient use. Bibliometrics has attained sophistication and complexity with a national, international, and interdisciplinary character.

The term “bibliometrics” was coined by Pritchard in 1969. A pioneering example of a bibliometric study was statistical analysis of the literature of comparative anatomy from 1543 to 1860, done by counting book and journal titles, and grouping them by countries of origin and periods. In 1923, a study was conducted by Hulme, entitled “Statistical Analysis of the History of Science”. His analysis was based on the entries in the English International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. A third study was the work of Gross and Gross reported in 1927. They counted and analyzed the citations in articles from the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and produced a list of journals deemed important to chemical education. Another prominent work was Bradford’s 1934 article on the distribution of literature in lubrication research. It is an important part of the theoretical foundation of bibliometrics, “Bradford’s Law of Scattering.”

In 1948, the great library scientist, S.R. Ranganathan, coined the term “librametry”, which historically appeared first and was intended to streamline the services of librarianship. Bibliometrics is analogous to Ranganathan’s librametrics, the Russian concept scientometrics, infometrics, and subdisciplines like econometrics, psychometrics, sociometrics, biometrics, technometrics, chemometrics, and climetrics, where mathematics and statistics are applied to study and solve problems in their respective fields. Scientometrics is now used for the application of quantitative methods to the history of science and overlaps with bibliometrics to a considerable extent.

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Permalink Reply by Vipin Kumar on October 26, 2010 at 2:16

Thank you Mr. Akhtar Hussain

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Permalink Reply by Dr. Rajpal Purohit on October 28, 2010 at 23:18

Bibliometrics has become a standard tool of science policy and research management in the
last decades. All significant compilations of science indicators heavily rely on publication and
citation statistics and other, more sophisticated bibliometric techniques.
Examples for such compilations are:
− National Science Board
− Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques
− European Report on S&T Indicators
− Het Nederlands Observatorium van Wetenschap en Technologie: Wetenschaps- en
Technologie-Indicatoren
− Vlaams Indicatorenboek
In addition, many extensive bibliometric studies of important science fields appeared during
the last two decades. Aim of these studies was to measure national research performance in
the international context or to describe the development of a science field with the help of
bibliometric means (for instance, Braun et al., 1987).
It is a common misbelief that bibliometrics is nothing else but publication and citation based
gauging of scientific performance or compiling of cleaned-up bibliographies on research
domains extended by citation data. In fact, scientometrics is a multifaceted endeavour
encompassing subareas such as structural, dynamic, evaluative and predictive scientometrics.
Structural scientometrics came up with results like the re-mapping of the epistemological
structure of science based, for instance, on co-citation, ”bibliographic coupling” techniques or
co-word techniques. Dynamic scientometrics constructed sophisticated models of scientific
growth, obsolescence, citation processes, etc. These models are not only of theoretical interest
but can also be usefully applied in evaluation and prediction.
Beyond policy relevant applications of bibliometric results, there are recently important
applications in the context of studying the linkage between science and technology, or
applications to related fields such as library and information science and most recently also
Webometrics. Examples for the latter ones are the large ongoing projects EICSTES
(European Indicators, Cyberspace and the Science-Technology- Economy System) and
WISER (Web indicators for scientific, technology and innovation research).
Today, bibliometrics is one of the rare truly interdisciplinary research fields to extend to
almost all scientific fields. Bibliometric methodology comprises components from
mathematics, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering and even life sciences. The
following pages will provide a systematic description of the research structure of the field and
a detailed overview of the state-of-the-art in bibliometric methodology.

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